Results

Project deliverables

D1.1

Risk management plan – Description of the risks associated with the project and their mitigation measures.

D1.2

Project handbook – Detailed work plan including procedures for quality assurance and deliverable review.

D1.3

Data management plan – Summary of key data/output types and how they adhere to FAIR principles.

D1.4

Scoping paper – Definition of the most important concepts, geographical coverage, limitations, assumptions and exclusions of the project.

D2.1

OCDR technical readiness review – Conceptual designs of OCDR approaches and descriptions of their system boundaries, key processes, material and energy flows and carbon balances used to review and summarise their technical readiness.

D2.2

TEA and LCA assessment – Summary of OCDR techno-economic and life cycle assessments conducted, with the economic and environmental performance of at least three archetypal OCDR approaches defined under a range of impact categories.

D2.3

A common LCA framework – The considers a standardised template for inventory information, methods of setting boundary conditions, specifying functional units, scenarios of CO₂ emissions intensity of energy, and methods of interpreting results.

D3.1

Instruments and methodologies for OCDR MRV – Review of the requirements, system design and in-situ performance of autonomous sensing technologies for OCDR MRV.

D3.2

Evaluation of OCDR monitoring requirements – Evaluation of OCDR accounting metrics, sampling strategies and site-relevant monitoring techniques.

D4.1

Impact of communication on OCDR framing – Analysis of stakeholder views of alternative framings of different OCDR options.

D4.2

Cross-country OCDR perceptions – Analysis of cross-country surveys on the perceptions of OCDR and co-benefits.

D4.3

Deliberative workshops on OCDR – Summary of the solutions developed during workshops on OCDR and an evaluation of the methods of participatory rulemakingin the context of OCDR technologies.

D5.1

Legal, ethical and policy implications of OCDR – Analysis of current legal frameworks, minimum ethical requirements, policy cycles and geopolitical dimensions of OCDR and its potential for upscaling.

D5.2

Multi-dimensional OCDR governance framework – Development of a scientifically-grounded, stakeholder-oriented and multi-dimensional model for OCDR governance, including Annexes reporting on the output of each phase of CPr development.

D6.1

Creation of an OCDR Industry Association – Overview of mission, vision, activities and participants, including advancements as a result of collaborations created.

D6.2

Advancing OCDR commercialisation – Roadmap for operationalisation of at least two high TRL OCDR approaches through improved abatement cost profiles, standardised carbon accounting and incentivisation strategies.

D7.1

OCDR logistics systems assessment – Application of an operations management and simulation framework for OCDR logistics systems to two selected case studies.

D7.2

Inclusion of OCDR into a regional marine IAM – Development of a regional marine IAM that includes OCDR approaches.

D8.1

Dissemination, communication and exploitation plan – Plan for dissemination and exploitation including communication activities.

D8.2

Policy briefs and synthesis reports – Policy briefs, synthesis reports and other assessments/contributions that conveyed the project’s major results to target users.

Publications

DOI	Author/Title	Altmetric
10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181	Oschlies, A., Bach, L.T., Fennel, K., Gattuso, J.P. and Mengis, N. (2025) Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1506181
10.3389/fclim.2025.1509367	Ward, C., Lee Pereira, R.J., Foteinis, S. and Renforth, S. (2025) Techno-economic analysis of ocean iron fertilization. Frontiers in Climate, 7, 1509367
10.1016/j.rser.2025.116091	Delval, M.H., Thonemann, N., Henriksson, P.J.G., Tanzer, S.E. and Behrens, P. (2025) Life cycle assessment of ocean-based carbon dioxide removal approaches: A systematic literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 224, 116091
10.1016/j.rser.2025.116091	Lindland, M., Wigand, E.A., Fagerhold, K., Meisel, F. and Herlicka, L. (2025) Supply chain optimization for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement: A Norwegian case study. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 145, 104395
10.15351/2373-8456.1203	Siebert, L., Wu, J., Bednarz, L.K., Keller, D., Meier, F., Merk, C., Peterson, S. and Rickels, W. (2025) Meeting Carbon Dioxide Removal Demand in 2030: The Potential of Macroalgae Cultivation and Harvest. Journal of Ocean and Coastal Economics, 12, 1
10.1088/1748-9326/acffdc	Cael, B.B., Goodwin, P., Pearce, C.R. and Stainforth, D. (2023) Benefit-cost ratios of carbon dioxide removal strategies. Environmental Research Letters, 18, 114003
10.1039/d5ee04922a	Rischer, C., Gonzatti, I.S., Friess, D.A., Grasse, P., Keller, D., Krause, J., Lück, S., MacPherson, C., McHenry, J., Merk, C., Troxler, T., Voss, R., and Rickels, W. (2026). An ecosystem of carbon dioxide removal reviews – part 2: CO2 removal via Blue Carbon Ecosystems Energy & Environmental Science
10.1086/742258	Meier, F, Quaas, M., Rickels, W., Traeger, C. (2026).From Gross to Net. Carbon Dioxide Removal in an Analytical Climate Economy. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.
10.1088/1748-9326/ade0d4	Oschlies, A., Slomp, C.P., Altieri, A.H., Gallo, N.D., Gregoire, M., Isensee, K., Levin L.A., and Wu, J. (2026)Potential impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal on ocean oxygen. Environmental Research Letters.
10.1088/1748-9326/ae0054	Jürchott, M.,  Oschlies, A., Mengis, N., Frenger, I., and Koeve, W. (2026) Direct cooling effect of artificial upwelling dominates over its marine carbon dioxide removal potential. Environmental Research Letters.
10.1088/1748-9326/adde73	Swoboda, S. and Oschlies, A. (2026).Limits to CDR accounting: the role of carbon fluxes, time(liness) and storage. Environmental Research Letters.
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4282500	Pereira, L., Reinaldo, J., Muangthai, I., Azimi, A., Campbell, J., Delval, M., Foteinis, S., Katish, M., Thonemann, N., Strunge, T., Su, D., Ward, C., Van der Spek, M. and Renforth, P. (2025).A framework for techno-economic and life-cycle assessment in ocean alkalinity enhancement.

Open Access Government Series

Open Access Government SEAO2-CDR series

Working with Open Access Government, we are releasing a series of short articles that explore the benefits and challenges associated with different aspects of mCDR implementation, and how the work being conducted through SEAO2-CDR is advancing our understanding and ability to evaluate proposed approaches. The full series can be viewed here, with individual articles accessible via the links below.

Christopher Pearce and Willem F. van Dorp (2025), "Navigating the sea of uncertainty around Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal (MCDR)", Open Access Government October 2025, 444–445. doi:10.56367/OAG-048-12267
Nils Thonemann and Mona Delval (2026), “Charting the technical landscape of marine carbon dioxide removal”, Open Access Government January 2026, 358–359. doi:10.56367/OAG-049-12306
Jan Bazyli Klakla, Christine Merk, Zeynep Clulow, Manfredi Marciante, Ginevra le Moli and Yelena Yermakova (2026), “Communicating and regulating marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR)”, Open Access Government, April 2026, 356-257. https://doi.org/10.56367/OAG-050-12306
Frank Meisel, Jill Storey, Lisa Herlicka, Lotta Thaller, Patricia Grasse and Wilfried Rickels (2026), “Commercial and logistical considerations for mCDR implementation”, Open Access Government, July 2026, 352-535. https://doi.org/10.56367/OAG-051-12306

Policy Briefs

ASSESS WITH CARE

Project deliverables

Publications

Open Access Government Series

Open Access Government SEAO2-CDR series

Other articles and interviews

Policy Briefs